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Articles Potassium Citrate & Alkalinity

--POTASSIUM CITRATE-- K Cit K Cit notes K Cit PKD-Tanner K Cit more K Cit articles K Cit potassium K Cit begin K Cit test pH Monitor pH Alkalizer Potassium Symptoms ↑ ↓

Potassium Citrate in the PKD Model

Nephron Physiol. 2003 Jan;93(1):P14-20.
Tanner GA, Tanner JA.
Source
Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind 46202, USA
Abstract

Dietary citrate treatment of polycystic kidney disease in rats.

Progression of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in the heterozygous male Han:SPRD rat is dramatically slowed by ingestion of potassium or sodium citrate. This study examined the efficacy of delayed therapy with sodium citrate, the effect of sodium citrate therapy on kidney cortex levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and the response to calcium citrate ingestion. Rats were provided with citrate salts in their food, and renal clearance, blood pressure, blood chemistry, and survival determinations were made. Sodium citrate therapy was most effective when started at age 1 month, and delay of therapy until age 3 months produced no benefit. Kidney cortex TGF-beta levels were elevated in 3- and 8-month-old rats with ADPKD, but not in 6-week-old rats. Sodium citrate treatment, started at age 1 month, lowered TGF-beta levels to normal in 3-month-old rats, but this is probably not the primary mechanism of citrate's beneficial effect. Calcium citrate had only a modest effect in preserving glomerular filtration rate. Effective treatment of ADPKD in this rat model requires early administration of a readily absorbed alkalinizing citrate salt. Existing data on ADPKD patients on vegetarian diets or with kidney stones should be studied in light of these findings.

Potassium Citrate in the PKD Model

J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998 Jul;9(7):1242-8.
Tanner GA
Source
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
Abstract

Potassium citrate/citric acid intake improves renal function in rats with polycystic kidney disease.

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) has been shown to be exacerbated by acidosis or a low potassium intake, and there is evidence that administration of alkali might have a beneficial effect. This study determined whether ingestion of potassium citrate and citric acid would ameliorate PKD. Healthy normal and heterozygous littermate Han:SPRD rats with autosomal dominant PKD were provided with either tap water or 55 mM K3citrate/67 mM citric acid solution (KCitr) to drink starting at the age of 1 mo. Renal clearance measurements and histologic assessments were performed when the rats were 3 mo old. KCitr intake did not affect body weight or urine flow, but completely prevented the decline in GFR found in untreated rats with PKD. In rats that drank tap water, left kidney GFR averaged (in microliter/min per 100 g body wt) 503 +/- 78 (n = 9) in normal animals and 242 +/- 56 (n = 6) in rats with PKD. In rats that drank KCitr, GFR averaged 562 +/- 123 (n = 7) in normal animals and 534 +/- 103 (n = 7) in rats with PKD. Kidneys of rats with PKD were approximately double normal size. KCitr treatment did not affect kidney size, but led to fewer interstitial abnormalities and smaller cysts in cystic kidneys. KCitr ingestion led to a significantly lower (P < 0.001) plasma [K+] in rats with PKD (3.3 +/- 0.2 versus 4.1 +/- 0.2 mEq/L in rats on tap water). Chronic KCitr intake in the young heterozygous Han:SPRD rat with PKD yields a modest improvement of kidney histology and a dramatic improvement in GFR. The mechanism of action of KCitr and the long-term effects of this treatment on renal structure and function in PKD deserve further study.

Effervescent Potassium Citrate

Sakhaee K, Pak C.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas.

PKD 'rs who wish to eat vegan, this  is very healthy. But for those who want to continue to eat meat, there is always orange juice, melon juice, or potassium citrate to bring the body toward alkaline. If potassium salts are ever needed (post transplant or while on diuretics), potassium citrate might be a better choice. The trick is to find a citrate salt that is palatable.

Superior absorption of effervescent potassium calcium citrate

BACKGROUND:
Calcium supplementation is commonly recommended for patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass to avert bone loss. To test the hypothesis that effervescent (liquid) potassium-calcium-citrate (PCC) might be more bioavailable than a tablet formulation of calcium citrate (Citracal Petite), the present study compared a single dose response of the 2 compounds. The present study was conducted at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas.
METHODS:
A total of 15 patients who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were included in a 2-phase, crossover, randomized study comparing the single-dose bioavailability of PCC versus Citracal Petite. After following a restricted diet for 1 week, the participants ingested either a single dose of 400 mg elemental calcium as PCC or Citracal Petite. Sequential serum and urine samples were collected for a 6-hour period after the dose and analyzed for calcium, parathyroid hormone, and acid-base parameters.
RESULTS:
Compared with citracal petite, PCC significantly increased the serum calcium concentrations at 2, 3, and 4 hours after the oral load. The peak to baseline variation and increment in serum calcium (area under the curve) were significantly greater after PCC (P = .015 and P = .002, respectively). Concurrently, the baseline to nadir variation and decrement in serum parathyroid hormone (area over the curve) were significantly greater after PCC (P = .004 and P = .005, respectively). Moreover, compared with Citracal Petite, PCC caused a significantly greater increment in urinary citrate (P < .0001) and potassium (P = .0004) and a significantly lower increase in urinary ammonium (P = .045).
CONCLUSION:
In patients who have undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, PCC was superior to Citracal Petite in conferring bioavailable calcium and suppressing parathyroid hormone secretion. PCC also provided an alkali load.

Alkaline Citrate Reduces stones after shockwave

Int Braz J Urol. 2011 Sep-Oct;37(5):611-6.
Lojanapiwat B, Tanthanuch M, Pripathanont C, Ratchanon S, Srinualnad S, Taweemonkongsap T, Kanyok S, Lammongkolkul S.
Source
Division of Urology and Department of surgery, Chiangmai University, Thailand.
Abstract

Alkaline citrate reduces stone recurrence and regrowth after shockwave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the preventive effects of alkaline citrate on stone recurrence as well as stone growth post-ESWL or PCNL in patients with calcium-containing stones.
RESULTS:
At baseline, hypocitraturia was found in 20 of 39 patients (46.05%) of Group I and 15 of 37 patients (40.5%) of Group II. At 12 months, hypocitraturia was found in 3 of 39 (7.69%) and 14 of 37 (37.83%) of Group I and Group II, respectively (p = 0.007). At the 12 month follow-up, of the stone-free group, 92.3% of the treated group and 57.7% of the control group were still stone free. Of the residual stone group, 30.8% and 9.1% of treated and control group were stone-free, respectively. The increased stone size found in 7.7%) and 54.5%) of treated and control groups, respectively.
CONCLUSION:
Sodium-potassium citrate provides positive effects on stone-forming activities in calcium stone patients suffering from urolithiasis following treatment with ESWL and PCNL procedures at the 12-month follow-up

Osteoporosis

Duke Med Health News. 2008;Suppl:9.

Potassium may help fight osteoporosis. Potassium citrate increases bone-beneficial calcium retention.

Blood Pressure

Br J Nutr. 2008 Jun;99(6):1284-92. Epub 2007 Dec 6.
Braschi A, Naismith DJ.
Source
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NN, UK.
Abstract

The effect of a dietary supplement of potassium chloride or potassium citrate on blood pressure in predominantly normotensive volunteers.

Blood pressure (BP) shows a continuous relationship with the risk of CVD. There is substantial evidence that dietary potassium exerts an anti-pressor effect. Most clinical trials have used KCl. However, the chloride ion may have a pressor effect and in foods potassium is associated with organic anions. In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial we explored the effect on BP of two salts of potassium, KCl and potassium citrate (K-cit), in predominantly young healthy normotensive volunteers. The primary outcome was the change in mean arterial pressure as measured in a clinic setting. After 6 weeks of supplementation, compared with the placebo group (n 31), 30 mmol K-cit/d (n 28) changed mean arterial pressure by -5.22 mmHg (95% CI -8.85, -4.53) which did not differ significantly from that induced by KCl (n 26), -4.70 mmHg (-6.56, -2.84). The changes in systolic and diastolic BP were -6.69 (95% CI -8.85, -4.43) and -4.26 (95% CI -6.31, -2.21) mmHg with K-cit and -5.24 (95% CI -7.43, -3.06) and -4.30 (95% CI -6.39, -2.20) mmHg with KCl, and did not differ significantly between the two treatments. Changes in BP were not related to baseline urinary electrolytes. A greater treatment-related effect was observed in those with higher systolic BP. Increasing dietary potassium could therefore have a significant impact on the progressive rise in BP in the entire population.

Blood Pressure Potassium Citrate Efficacy

Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1995 May 5;120(18):631-5.
[Article in German]
Overlack A, Maus B, Ruppert M, Lennarz M, Kolloch R, Stumpe KO.
Source
Medizinische Universitäts-Poliklinik Bonn.
Abstract

[Potassium citrate versus potassium chloride in essential hypertension. Effects on hemodynamic, hormonal and metabolic parameters].

A study was conducted on 25 patients (18 men, seven women; mean age 48 [24-70] years) with essential hypertension (EH) to see whether an increase in potassium supply influences blood pressure as well as metabolic and hormonal parameters, and whether the anion administered together with potassium affects the results. In a randomized, cross-over trial sequence the patients daily received 120 mmol potassium chloride, 120 mmol potassium citrate or a placebo, each for 8 weeks. Between each of the three periods there was a "wash-out" phase of 4 weeks each. After 8 weeks of potassium citrate intake the systolic and diastolic pressures were reduced significantly, by a mean of 6.2/3.8 mm Hg (P < 0.05). But after potassium chloride there was only a small, not significant, reduction. Metabolic and hormonal parameters (fasting glucose concentration, glucose tolerance test, lipid electrophoresis; plasma renin activity, plasma concentration of aldosterone, noradrenaline and insulin) were not significantly changed.--These findings suggest that an increased supply of potassium has a favourable haemodynamic effect, but this varies markedly between different potassium salts. An increase in potassium supply should thus be considered as an additional measure in the treatment of EH. As long as renal function is normal no unfavourable metabolic effect need be feared.

Melon Alkaline

J Endourol. 2012 Apr 13. [Epub ahead of print]
Baia LD, Baxmann AC, Moreira SR, Holmes RP, Heilberg IP.
Source
Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Nephrology, Rua Botucatu, 740 , Vila Clementino , São Paulo, Brazil, 04023-900 , +55 (11) 5904-1697 ; leandronut@yahoo.com.br.
Abstract

Non-Citrus Alkaline Fruit: A Dietary Alternative for the Treatment of Hypocitraturic Stone Formers.

Background and aims: Fruits and vegetables are natural suppliers of potassium, bicarbonate or bicarbonate precursors such as citrate, malate and others, hence possessing potential effects on citraturia. We aimed to compare the acute effects of a non-citrus (melon) fruit versus citric ones (orange and lime) upon citraturia and other lithogenic parameters. Methods: Two-hour urine samples were collected from 30 hypocitraturic stone-forming patients after an overnight fast and 2, 4 and 6 hours following the consumption of 385ml (13oz) of either freshly squeezed Orange juice (n=10), freshly blended Melon juice (n=10) or freshly squeezed Lime juice (n=10). Urinary citrate, potassium, pH and other lithogenic parameters were determined and Net Gastrointestinal Alkali Absorption (NGIA) was calculated. Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL) and pH from juices were determined. Results: Significant and comparable increases on mean urinary citrate were observed in all groups, whereas mean urinary potassium, pH and NGIA were significantly increased only after consumption of Melon and Orange juices. The pH of Melon juice was higher and the PRAL value was more negative compared to Orange juice indicating a higher alkalinity. Conclusions: These findings suggested that Melon, a non-citrus source of potassium, citrate and malate, yielded an increase in urinary citrate excretion equivalent to that provided by Orange, and hence represents another dietary alternative for the treatment of hypocitraturic stone-formers. Despite its low potassium content, lime also produced comparable increases in citraturia possibly due to its high citric acid content. Keywords: kidney stones, nephrolithiasis, urinary citrate, potassium, alkalinization.

PKD Stones Nanobacteria

Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Jul;46(7):2077-86.
Cíftçíoglu N, Miller-Hjelle MA, Hjelle JT, Kajander EO.
Source
Department of Biochemistry, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
Abstract

Inhibition of nanobacteria by antimicrobial drugs as measured by a modified microdilution method.

Compounds from 16 classes of antimicrobial drugs were tested for their abilities to inhibit the in vitro multiplication of nanobacteria (NB), a newly discovered infectious agent found in human kidney stones and kidney cyst fluids from patients with polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Because NB form surface calcifications at physiologic levels of calcium and phosphate, they have been hypothesized to mediate the formation of tissue calcifications. We describe a modified microdilution inhibitory test that accommodates the unique growth conditions and long multiplication times of NB. This modified microdilution method included inoculation of 96-well plates and determination of inhibition by periodic measurement of the absorbance for 14 days in cell culture medium under cell culture conditions. Bactericidal or bacteriostatic drug effects were distinguished by subsequent subculture in drug-free media and monitoring for increasing absorbance. NB isolated from fetal bovine serum (FBS) were inhibited by tetracycline HCl, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ampicillin at levels achievable in serum and urine; all drugs except ampicillin were cidal. Tetracycline also inhibited multiplication of isolates of NB from human kidney stones and kidney cyst fluids from patients with PKD. The other antibiotics tested against FBS-derived NB either had no effect or exhibited an inhibitory concentration above clinically achievable levels; the aminoglycosides and vancomycin were bacteriostatic. Antibiotic-induced morphological changes to NB were observed by electron microscopy. Bisphosphonates, aminocaproic acid, potassium citrate-citric acid solutions, and 5-fluorouracil also inhibited the multiplication of NB in a cidal manner. Insights into the nature of NB, the action(s) of these drugs, and the role of NB in calcifying diseases may be gained by exploiting this in vitro inhibition test system.

Non-Citrus Alkaline Fruit: A Dietary Alternative, Melon Juice

J Endourol. 2012 Apr 13. [Epub ahead of print]
Baia LD, Baxmann AC, Moreira SR, Holmes RP, Heilberg IP.
Source
Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Nephrology, Rua Botucatu, 740 , Vila Clementino São Paulo, Brazil, 04023-900
Abstract

Background and aims: Fruits and vegetables are natural suppliers of potassium, bicarbonate or bicarbonate precursors such as citrate, malate and others, hence possessing potential effects on citraturia. We aimed to compare the acute effects of a non-citrus (melon) fruit versus citric ones (orange and lime) upon citraturia and other lithogenic parameters. Methods: Two-hour urine samples were collected from 30 hypocitraturic stone-forming patients after an overnight fast and 2, 4 and 6 hours following the consumption of 385ml (13oz) of either freshly squeezed Orange juice (n=10), freshly blended Melon juice (n=10) or freshly squeezed Lime juice (n=10). Urinary citrate, potassium, pH and other lithogenic parameters were determined and Net Gastrointestinal Alkali Absorption (NGIA) was calculated. Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL) and pH from juices were determined. Results: Significant and comparable increases on mean urinary citrate were observed in all groups, whereas mean urinary potassium, pH and NGIA were significantly increased only after consumption of Melon and Orange juices. The pH of Melon juice was higher and the PRAL value was more negative compared to Orange juice indicating a higher alkalinity. Conclusions: These findings suggested that Melon, a non-citrus source of potassium, citrate and malate, yielded an increase in urinary citrate excretion equivalent to that provided by Orange, and hence represents another dietary alternative for the treatment of hypocitraturic stone-formers. Despite its low potassium content, lime also produced comparable increases in citraturia possibly due to its high citric acid content. Keywords: kidney stones, nephrolithiasis, urinary citrate, potassium, alkalinization.

Familiarize yourself with the symptoms of high and low serum potassium.

- select a POTASSIUM CITRATE article - K+ CIT PKD improves GFR in PKD 1998 K+ CIT Abstract improves PKD 1998 K+ CIT therapy for PKD 2000 K+ CIT Dietary Treatment PKD 2003 K+ CIT does not harm PCY mouse 2005 K+ CIT bio Tanner Kcit 2012 supplementation sustained improvement in calcium balance Kcit 2012 a potent alkalizer, helps kidney failure in dogs Kcit 2012 renal insufficiency in a patient with enteric hyperoxaluria Improved Kcit 2012 Vegetarian diets and blood pressure Kcit 2011 Splenda® improves tolerance of oral potassium citrate supplementation double-blind trial Kcit 2007 Acid-alkaline balance: role in chronic disease and detoxification Kcit 2010 Nutrient based estimation of acid-base balance in vegetarians and non-vegetarians POTASSIUM hi and low symptoms ALKALINITY potassium salts + effects ALKALINITY sprint performance ALKALINITY candida yeast ALKALINITY Alkaline diet weight loss ALKALINITY vegan dogs live longer ALKALINITY plant juices & Alzheimer's ALKALINITY nanobacteria ALKALINITY PKD nanobacteria. ALKALINITY effective renal-protection diet ALKALINITY Saving failing kidneys ALKALINITY LDL cholesteroL triglycerides ALKALINITY Raw vegan Leaner healthier ALKALINITY Vegan diet health benefits UV ALKALINITY Raw vegan vitamin D ALKALINITY Vegan bests ADA diet ALKALINITY Improves Bone Health BP associated with 24 hr citrate BP short term Kcit therapy BP Hypertension BP Kcit associated with 24 hr citrate BP Kcit short term Kcit therapy BP Kcit Hypertension BLOOD PRESSURE Cold Weather ↑ BP BLOOD PRESSURE Less Sleep ↑ BP BP Deep Sleep Dreamers Enjoy Normal BP BP Salt restriction, a missed opportunity? help ↓ BP BP salt restriction vs meds ESRD hemodialysis ↓ LVH and ↓ BP BLOOD PRESSURE grape juice help ↓ BP BP avoiding these 15 foods help ↓ BP BLOOD PRESSURE avoiding allergic foods will help ↓ BP BLOOD PRESSURE Citrate help ↓ BP BLOOD PRESSURE urinary citrate BLOOD PRESSURE Potassium Citrate BLOOD PRESSURE Folate Intake help ↓ BP BLOOD PRESSURE salt and Sugary Drinks May ↑ BP BLOOD PRESSURE Caffeine ↑ PKD model BP BLOOD PRESSURE Caffeine ↑ BP BP Vitamin D May Explain Racial BP Disparities in blood pressure BLOOD PRESSURE optimal care ADPKD BLOOD PRESSURE renin-angiotensin BLOOD PRESSURE Controlling PKD BP Listen to Lecture BLOOD PRESSURE Renin Angiotensin BLOOD PRESSURE facts about PKD Hypertension most common symptom BLOOD PRESSURE Rigorous BP control ADPKD BLOOD PRESSURE Young PKD Adults BLOOD PRESSURE early diagnosis PKD BLOOD PRESSURE PKD importance of family history BLOOD PRESSURE 1 in 5 Young Adults May Have ↑ BP BLOOD PRESSURE heart disease death BONES Kcit therapy BONES Kcit partial neutralization with Kcit of West Diet BONES turnover postmenopausal women COLCHICINE vascular expression Polycystin-2 COLCHICINE treatment ADPKD DENTS potassium citrate helps ALKALINE DIET Clinical Trials DIET DIET vegetarian DIET Melon juice DIET 5 Servings a Day ↓ CKD DIET Fruits and Vegetables or Oral NaHCO3 Preserve GFR DIET Protein Restriction in Treatment CKD DIET Acid-Alkaline Role in CKD DIET Acid Retention DE Wesson MD DIET Key to Halting CKD might in ↑ Produce DIET Red Meat Consumption & Mortality DIET Alternative Healthy Eating Index & Mortality DIET Dog Health Survey DIET Dirty Dozen Food Guide DIET Dietary Citrate ↓ PKD in Rats DIET Veggie diet best for kidney disease DIET Melon Juice Non-citrus juices DIET keeping kidney volume low, keeps kidney functioning good DIET eating red meat may mean quicker death DIET salt intake blunts ACE inhibitors accelerates kidney disease DIET-induced metabolic acidosis DIET key to halting CKD in market DIET red meat consumption mortality DIET 18yr follow up Healthy Eating DIET Fatty Liver on Rise in Teens DIET progressive ↓ GFR ↑ by alkaline diet DIET PlanEat, a short movie trailer DIET Heart attack proof diet DIET ↑ fruits veg helps kidney injury DIET acid ↓ GFR ↑ plasma aldosterone DIET endothelins and kidney acidification DIET acid retention in humans DIET High and Low Potassium Symptoms DIET CITRATE melon juice and citrus juices for alkalinity DIET CITRATE Lemonade Based Dietary Manipulation DIET lo-cal aides longevity DIET vegetarian ↓ BP NANOBACTERIA NANOBACTERIA controversial pathogens in nephrolithiasis and PKD NANOBACTERIA Antimicrobial Drugs NANOBACTERIA isolation, propagation, and analysis of nano particles NANOBACTERIA Biomineralization Induced by Stress NANOBACTERIA Endotoxins in PKD NANOBACTERIA controversial pathogens in nephrolithiasis PKD NANOBACTERIA may be linked to calcification in placenta 2012 NANOBACTERIA protein-mineral complexes 2011 NANOBACTERIA role of calcifying nanoparticles in biology and medicine 2012 NANOBACTERIA PKD Unrecognized Emerging Infectious Disease? NANOBACTERIA alkaline phosphatase human- derived nanoparticles in vitro NANOBACTERIUM wikipedia NANOBACTERIUM The Truth NANOBACTERIUM The Rise and Fall NETTLE cholesterol NETTLE reduces creatinine SODIUM BICARB increases stones SODIUM BICARB increases kidney stones SODIUM BICARB Aggravates PKD model SODIUM BICARB Forms Stones in PKD SODIUM BICARB slow CKD progression SODIUM BICARBONATE forms kidney stones in PKD SODIUM BICARBONATE Aggravation PKD in Han:SPRD Rats PKD SODIUM BICARBONATE Clinical study mineral waters containing bicarbonate SODIUM BICARBONATE Baking soda may slow progression of CKD SODIUM BICARBONATE Urinary alkalization Rx for uric acid stones SODIUM BICARBONATE potassium depletion increases risk for urinary stone STONES Kcit lithotripsy STONES Alkaline Citrate useful lithotripsy STONES Kcit lithotripsy STONES treatment with Kcit STONES Magnesium therapy for stones URIC ACID ADPKD URATE in ADPKD URIC ACID gout in ADPKD URIC ACID hyperurecemia in ADPKD UROCIT UROCIT polycitra K UROCIT K YEAST candida helped by Kcit

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We are  sharing our experiences with PKD/PLD Diet, an adjunct diet envisioning it complementing a physician's prescribed medical therapy. Consider testing this with your doctor's prior knowledge, who can  adjust it according to your own uniqueness by adding it to your current  treatment.

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